Water characterisation of coal mining areas of chakwal, punjab, pakistan. Engineering novel and improved biocatalysts by cell surface display. Iron pyrite, fes2, also known as fools gold, is the most important source of nearly all water pollution originating from mines and their residue deposits. Neuware acid mine drainage amd isamong the most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry worldwide. The ph of amd is usually in the range of 26, but mineimpacted waters at circumneutral ph 58 are also common. Geochemistry of acid mine drainage from a coal mining. Once it starts, amd can effectively sterilise an entire water system for generations to come turning it into a biological wasteland and a huge economic burden salomons, 1995. Chemical characteristics of water and sediment in acid mining lakes of the. Acid mine drainage article about acid mine drainage by the. Fundamentals of mine drainage formation and chemistry kathleen s. It describes how to predict, prevent, and remediate the environmental impact of acid drainage and the oxidation of sulfides, offering the latest. Fundamentals of minedrainage formation and chemistry. When pyrite is exposed to air and water, it oxidises to form sulphuric acid and iron oxides and hydroxides yellow boy, which causes the ph of th. F low through the howe bridge ald increased alkalinity by an average 128 mg l caco3 equivalent and ca by 52 mg l i, while concentrations of fe, k, mg, mn, na, and so were unchanged.
Acid mine drainage biofilm this biofilm sequencing project was designed to explore the distribution and diversity of metabolic pathways in acidophilic biofilms e. As this discussion demonstrates, the appropriate treatment chemical can depend on both the oxidation state and concentrations of metals in the amd u. In brief, the major cause is the accelerated oxidation of iron pyrite fes 2 and. Pyrite, the most ubiqui tous sulphide mineral, is principally respon sible for acid discharges from underground. Geophysics to acid mine drainage investigations report prepared for western governors association usepa grant no. Acidification is a universal problem at all mining sites in which oxygenated. Control acid mine drainage abebooks shop for books.
Acid and metalliferous drainage amd is broadly accepted to be a major global environmental problem facing the mining industry, requiring expensive management and mitigation. A sulfidogenic bioreactor, operated at low ph 45, was set up and used to remove transition metals copper, nickel, cobalt, and zinc from a synthetic mine water, based on the chemistry of a. Today, the control and mitigation of acid mine drainage amd is considered. A series of laboratoryscale kinetic leach column klc experiments, using both synthetic and natural mine wastes, were carried out to test the efficacy of our pyrite passivation strategy developed from previous. Characterization of mine waste rocks and prediction of acid mine drainage amd play an important role in preventing amd. This book explores the fundamental chemistry of active and passive treatment of amd with coal fa and the detailed geochemistry involved in the.
First, the very low ph of coal mine runoff zero to 2. Geochemistry of a permeable reactive barrier for metals. A permeable reactive barrier, designed to remove metals and generate alkalinity by promoting sulfate reduction and metal sulfide precipitation, was installed in august 1995 into an aquifer containing effluent from mine tailings. Sulfate reducing bacteria have been shown to be effective at treating acid mine drainage through sulfide production and subsequent precipitation of metal sulfides.
A minimized water flow causes a reduction in the drainage water production so. Remediation of acid mine drainage with sulfate reducing. Acid mine drainage amd consists of metalladen solutions produced by the oxidative dissolution of iron sulfide minerals exposed to air, moisture, and acidophilic microbes during the mining of coal and metal deposits. New zealand coal acid mine drainage, mineral control of. Acid mine drainage amd is produced when o 2rich surface water infiltrates mine works or waste rock. They have had a history of poor water quality, linked in part to the gold mining activities in the area. Acid mine drainage amd is a typical source of environmental pollution ascribing to its characteristics of high acidity and heavy metal content. Acid mine drainage amd forms when sulfide m inerals are exposed to oxidizing conditions in coal and metal mining, highway construction, and other largescale excavations. The rates of chemical reactions equations 2, 3, and. The pyrite undergoes oxidation in a twostage process, the. The runoff formed is usually acidic and frequently comes from areas where ore or coal mining activities have exposed rocks containing pyrite, a sulfur bearing mineral. Definition and chemistry of acid mine drainage amd the types of mine waste problems are numerous, but the most difficult one to address is the acid. Impact of acid mine drainage chemistry and microbiology on.
This paper describes acid mine drainage amd generation and its associated technical issues. An international workshop was held in september 1995 at the department for inland water research of the ufzcentre for environmental research. Passage of groundwater through the barrier results in striking improvement in water quality. Neuware this comprehensive reference text examines all aspects of acid mine drainage. Acid mine drainage the chemistry a sign warning people not to use the water in carletonville on the wonderfonteinspruit, close to khutsong. The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites, the production of. Department of the interior colorado school of mines u. Wildeman billings symposium asmr annual meeting assessing the toxicity potential of mine waste piles workshop june 1, 2003 u. Evaluation of the leachate chemistry and contaminants. This is a natural chemical reaction which can proceed.
The chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage with. Management of acid mine drainage in indian coalmines. Western pennsylvania was once a great coal mining region. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Influence of acid mine drainage on surface water quality. This springerbrief focuses on acid mine drainage amd in the three basins in the witwatersrand, south africa. Amd comes mainly from abandoned coal mines and currently active mining. Techniques to correct and prevent acid mine drainage. The geochemistry of acid mine drainage request pdf. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app. Overview of acid mine drainage treatment with chemicals. Besides, acid mine drainage in appropriate physical conditions like temperature and turbidity of water play significant role in limiting the growth of living things kumar and kakrani, 2000.
Acidic mining lakes acid mine drainage, limnology and. Controlling microstructural evolution in pechini gels through the interplay between precursor complexation, stepgrowth polymerization, and template confinement. Active treatment of mine drainage requires precipitating metal contaminants from the water and neutralizing acidity hedin and others 1994. Release of mercury in acid mine drainage resulting from the oxidative dissolution of pyrite in coal and ore and rock resulting from mining, processing, waste management, reclamation, and large construction activities is an ongoing environmental challenge. Effective treatment options for acid mine drainage in the. Amd ratios were stirred in a beaker for a preset time and the process water chemistry determined. Effective treatment options for acid mine drainage in the coal region of west virginia a thesis submitted to the graduate college of marshall university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in geography by daniel kirby dr.
This occurs along outcrops or scree slopes where sulfidebearing rock is naturally weathered. However, bioelectrochemical system bes is a promising technology to simultaneously remove and recover metal ions from amd. Acid rock drainage ard is a natural process in which sulfuric acid is produced when sulfides in rocks for example, pyrite fes 2 are exposed to air and water. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. X820497010 by kit custis california department of conservation office of mine reclamation 801 k street, ms 0906 sacramento, california 958143529 september 1994 pete. Enhanced immobilization of arsenic from acid mine drainage. Pyrite cubic fes2 is the most abundant metal sulfide in nature and also the main host mineral of toxic mercury hg. The term mine impacted water is used because it is more inclusive than terms such as acid mine drainage amd or acid rock. Treating acid mine drainage from abandoned mines in remote areas. As amd is recognized as one of the more serious environmental problems in the mining industry, its causes, prediction and treatment have become the focus of a number of research initiatives commissioned by governments, the mining industry, universities and research establishments, with additional. From material characterisation, the geochemistry leading to the evolution of acid mine drainage, its potential environmental impacts under a wide range of geologic and climatic conditions, to strategies and state. Amd may adversely impact the surface water and groundwater quality and land use due to.
The remnants of this industry are still with us in the form of abandoned mines that underlay a great portion of the land on which we live, and in the drainage of acidic waters from the mines into our streams and rivers. Click download or read online button to get acid mine drainage in south africa book now. Acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. Major environmental incidents caused by acid mine drainage. It is possible to passively remove iron contaminants from mine water, but have little effect on the mine. Acid mine drainage, which can have ph values as low as. The witwatersrand basin, south africa, a case study. Fundamentals of minedrainage formation and chemistry kathleen s. Although hightech analytical methods have been highlighted for mineral characterization and quantification, simple testing methods are still practical ways to perform in a field laboratory in mines. Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage amd, or acid rock drainage ard is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by largescale earth disturbances characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within rocks. I declare that evaluation of the leachate chemistry and contaminants attenuation in acid mine drainage by fly ash and its derivatives is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources i have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. The acid mine drainage may also contain high amounts of co2 which forms carbonic acid and further depresses the ph. This document presents papers written by the seminar presenters, for which this introductory paper provides a general context.
Amd is caused when water flows over or through sulfurbearing materials forming solutions of net acidity. Seasonal patterns of recovery evident in the fall after the summer treatment season reverted in the next spring after overwinter periods when sources were not captured. Article views are the countercompliant sum of full text article downloads since november 2008 both pdf and html across all institutions and individuals. Acid mine drainage project lab chemistry libretexts. Source of acid mine drainage chemistry of acid mine drainage gen eration the weathering of sulphide minerals ac counts for most of the surface water and groundwater contamination that result from mining activities. Acid mine drainage overview acid rock drainage ard is produced by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, chiefly iron pyrite or iron disulfide fes2. Acid mine drainage amd is typically characterized by low ph and high dissolved iron. Skaff mineral sciences laboratories 555 booth street ottawa, ontario k1a 0g1 july 1991 funded by. Volume 23, issue 12, december 2008, pages 36663684. Then, when the runoff meets a stream and becomes diluted or contacts carbonate rocks, the slightly higher ph causes feoh 3 to precipitate. Acid mine drainage prevention and control options nural kuyucak golder associates ltd. Johnson sl and wright ah 2003 mine void water resource issues in western australia, water and rivers commission. It provides a background to amd and its impactsfrom a social science perspective.
The chemistry of amd is perfectly suited to concentrate its damage on streams and waterways. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer. Acid mine drainage in south africa development actors. The origin of acidic metalrich mine drainage waters has been described in detail elsewhere e. There are four chemical reactions that represent the chemistry of pyrite weathering to form acid mine drainage. Basic patterns of drill holes employed in opencast mines. Acid mine drainage amd is currently the main pollutant of surface water in the midatlantic region. Acid mine drainage amd forms when sulfide minerals, particularly pyrite and marcasite, have been exposed to oxidizing conditions during mining and other excavation. Acidification is a universal problem at all mining sites in which oxygenated water comes in contact with sulfide minerals or other reduced sulfur compounds. Provides the tools needed to analyze and solve acid drainage problems featuring contributions from leading experts in science and engineering, this book explores the complex biogeochemistry of acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils. Dramatic changes in concentrations of so4 decrease of 2000. Acid mine drainage in the iberian pyrite belt odiel river. Bacteriological investigations of mine water from lignite pits in denmark.
Hedin rs, nairn rw and kleinmann rlp 1994 passive treatment of coal mine drainage. The chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage with particular reference to sources, distribution and remediation. Keywords acid mine drainage amd, modelling, saturation, aluminium, iron, introduction acid coal mine drainages from new zealand contain a characteristic suite of dissolved. It occurs as a result of natural oxidation of sulphide minerals contained in mining wastes at operating and decommissioned mine sites. Geochemistry, mineralogy and environmental implications. Acid mine drainage an overview sciencedirect topics. The south african government and nongovernmental organizations response to amd is assessed, as well the socioeconomic and developmental effects of amd. If a solution s chemistry is known, acidity can be esti. Acid mine drainage biofilm metagenomics ncbi bookshelf. Acid mine drainage in south africa download ebook pdf. The mining industry prefers static chemical testing to predict amd risks as. Thus, this study applied some simple testing methods to the. Acid mine drainage solutions for the mineral industry. Mine drainage is metalrich water formed from chemical reaction between water and rocks containing sulfurbearing minerals.
Years of high flow resulted in degraded biological status when acid mine drainage capture was incomplete and metal loading had increased with runoff. Acid mine drainage in the iberian pyrite belt odiel river watershed, huelva, sw spain. Strategies for reduced acid and metalliferous drainage by. The south african government and nongovernmental organizations response to amd is assessed, as well the.
Passive treatment differs from active treatment by distinguishing between these two objectives. Pdf acid mine drainage management in indonesian mines. Coal mining and coal combustion in generation of electricity produces various types of wastes such as, acid mine drainage amd and fly ashfathat require a form of management and remediation. At present, acid mine drainage continues to pose a potential problem in some areas, despite improved prediction and prevention techniques. Acid mine drainage research acid mine drainage amd has been the subject of intensive research since the 1960s. Without oxygen, chemical and microbial oxidation of sulfide minerals decreases. Pdf the chemical characteristics of acid mine drainage. In this laboratory experiment for undergraduate environmental chemistry courses, students design and implement a set of bioreactors to remediate acid mine drainage and explain observed changes in dissolved metal concentrations and. Although acid mine drainage is the most common impact of mining on water quality, the variety of mineral geology is such that there is no singlecharacteristic mine water. The origin of acid mine drainage acid mine drainage also sometimes referred to as acid rock drainage is a wellunderstood process2 and arises primarily when the mineral pyrite fools gold or iron disulphide comes into contact with oxygenated water.
The modelling presented here allows prediction of mine drainage chemistry and is useful for planning mine drainage treatment. Characterization of mine waste and acid mine drainage. Acid mine drainage amd has been a detrimental byproduct of coal mining for many years. Coal seam and adjacent rockassociated fes 2 phases are oxidized by series of microbial. Hydrated lime is the most commonly used chemical for treating amd and is used to treat more than 90% of the acid mine drainage worldwide.
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